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Guide
Introduction
| |
| Background: |
Independence from the UK was
approved in 1960 with constitutional guarantees by the Greek Cypriot
majority to the Turkish Cypriot minority. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored
attempt to seize the government was met by military intervention from
Turkey, which soon controlled almost 40% of the island. In 1983, the
Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus", but it is recognized only by Turkey. UN-led talks on the
status of Cyprus resumed in December 1999 to prepare the ground for
meaningful negotiations leading to a comprehensive settlement. |
| Location: |
Middle East, island in the
Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
35 00 N, 33 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Middle East |
| Area: |
total: 9,250 sq
km (of which 3,355 sq km are in the Turkish Cypriot area)
land: 9,240 sq km
water: 10 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
about 0.6 times the size of
Connecticut |
| Maritime
claims: |
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
temperate, Mediterranean with
hot, dry summers and cool, winters |
| Terrain: |
central plain with mountains
to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern
coast |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Olympus 1,951 m |
| Natural
resources: |
copper, pyrites, asbestos,
gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 12%
permanent crops: 5%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 13%
other: 70% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
390 sq km (1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
moderate earthquake activity;
droughts |
| Environment
- current issues: |
water resource problems (no
natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water
intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the
north); water pollution from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal
degradation; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants |
| Population: |
762,887 (July 2001 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
22.95% (male 89,532; female 85,518)
15-64 years: 66.26% (male 255,368; female 250,140)
65 years and over: 10.79% (male 35,864; female 46,465)
(2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
0.59% (2001 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
13.08 births/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
7.65 deaths/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0.44 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
7.89 deaths/1,000 live births
(2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population:
76.89 years
male: 74.6 years
female: 79.3 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.93 children born/woman
(2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.1% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
400 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Greek 78% (99.5% of the
Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.5% of the Greeks live in the
Turkish Cypriot area), Turkish 18% (1.3% of the Turks live in the Greek
Cypriot area; 98.7% of the Turks live in the Turkish Cypriot area),
other 4% (99.2% of the other ethnic groups live in the Greek Cypriot
area; 0.8% of the other ethnic groups live in the Turkish Cypriot area) |
| Religions: |
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim
18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and other 4% |
| Languages: |
Greek, Turkish, English |
| Literacy: |
definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 94%
male: 98%
female: 91% (1987 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus
note: the Turkish Cypriot area refers to itself as the
"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC) |
| Government
type: |
republic
note: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities
inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in
1963; this separation was further solidified after the Turkish
intervention in July 1974 after a Greek junta-based coup attempt gave
the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots
control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November
1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly
support a settlement based on a federation (Greek Cypriot position) or
confederation (Turkish Cypriot position) |
| Administrative
divisions: |
6 districts; Famagusta,
Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos; note - Turkish Cypriot
area's administrative divisions include Kyrenia, all but a small part of
Famagusta, and small parts of Lefkosa (Nicosia) and Larnaca |
| Independence: |
16 August 1960 (from UK);
note - Turkish Cypriot area proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day, 1 October
(1960); note - Turkish Cypriot area celebrates 15 November (1983) as
Independence Day |
| Constitution: |
16 August 1960; negotiations
to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the
island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have
been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new constitution for the Turkish
Cypriot area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985 |
| Legal
system: |
based on common law, with
civil law modifications |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state:
President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of
vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the
post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28
February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the
president and vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a
five-year term; election last held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA
February 2003)
election results: Glafcos CLERIDES reelected president;
percent of vote - Glafcos CLERIDES 50.8%, George IAKOVOU 49.2%
note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of
the Turkish Cypriot area since 13 February 1975 ("president"
elected by popular vote for a five-year term); elections last held 15
April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH
reelected president after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU
has been "prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16
August 1996; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish
Cypriot area |
| Legislative
branch: |
unicameral - Greek Cypriot
area: House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56
assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots; note - only
those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms); Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly
of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Greek Cypriot area: last held 27 May 2001 (next
to be held NA May 2006); Turkish Cypriot area: last held 6 December 1998
(next to be held NA December 2003)
election results: Greek Cypriot area: House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - AKEL
(Communist) 20, DISY 19, DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; Turkish Cypriot
area: Assembly of the Republic - percent of vote by party - UBP 40.3%,
DP 22.6%, TKP 15.4%, CTP 13.4%, UDP 4.6%, YBH 2.5%, BP 1.2%; seats by
party - UBP 24, DP 13, TKP 7, CTP 6 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Court (judges are
appointed by the Supreme Council of Judicature)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish Cypriot
area |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Greek Cypriot area:
Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY
[Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL
(Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or
KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Vassos
LYSSARIDIS]; United Democrats Movement or EDE (formerly Free Democrats
Movement or KED) [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area: Communal
Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Party or DP [Salih
COSAR]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party
or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic
Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet
ALI TALAT] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
Confederation of Cypriot
Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions
or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen;
Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled) |
| International
organization participation: |
Australia Group, C, CCC, CE,
EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Erato KOZAKOU-MARCOULLIS
chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772
FAX: [1] (202) 483-6710
consulate(s) general: New York
note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot area in the US
is Ahmet ERDENGIZ; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone
[1] (202) 887-6198 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Donald K. BANDLER
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets,
Engomi, 2407 Nicosia
mailing address: P. O. Box 4536, FPO AE 09836
telephone: [357] (2) 776400
FAX: [357] (2) 780944 |
| Flag
description: |
white with a copper-colored
silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word
for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the
flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation
between the Greek and Turkish communities
note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe
at the top and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a
white field |
| Economy
- overview: |
Economic affairs are affected
by the division of the country. The Greek Cypriot economy is prosperous
but highly susceptible to external shocks. Erratic growth rates in the
1990s reflect the economy's vulnerability to swings in tourist arrivals,
caused by political instability on the island and fluctuations in
economic conditions in Western Europe. Economic policy is focused on
meeting the criteria for admission to the EU. As in the Turkish sector,
water shortage is a growing problem, and several desalination plants are
planned. The Turkish Cypriot economy has about one-fifth the population
and one-third the per capita GDP of the south. Because it is recognized
only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging foreign financing,
and foreign firms have hesitated to invest there. It remains heavily
dependent on agriculture and government service, which together employ
about half of the work force. Moreover, the small, vulnerable economy
has suffered because the Turkish lira is legal tender. To compensate for
the economy's weakness, Turkey provides direct and indirect aid to
tourism, education, industry, etc. |
| GDP: |
Greek Cypriot area:
purchasing power parity - $9.7 billion (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot
area: purchasing power parity - $830 million (1999 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
Greek Cypriot area: 4.2%
(2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 4.9% (1999 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
Greek Cypriot area:
purchasing power parity - $16,000 (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area:
purchasing power parity - $5,300 (1999 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
Greek Cypriot area:
agriculture 6.3%, industry 22.4%, services 71.3% (1998); Turkish Cypriot
area: agriculture 11.8%, industry 20.5%, services 67.7% (1998) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
NA% |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
Greek Cypriot area: 4.2%
(2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 58% (1999 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
Greek Cypriot area: 291,000;
Turkish Cypriot area: 86,300 (2000) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
Greek Cypriot area: services
73%, industry 22%, agriculture 5% (2000); Turkish Cypriot area: services
56.4%, industry 22.8%, agriculture 20.8% (1998) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
Greek Cypriot area: 3.6%
(2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 6% (1998 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: Greek
Cypriot area - $2.9 billion (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot area - $294
million (2000 est.)
expenditures: Greek Cypriot area - $3.2 billion, including
capital expenditures of $324 million (2000 est.); Turkish Cypriot $495
million, including capital expenditures of $60 million (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
food, beverages, textiles,
chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
Greek Cypriot area: 2.2%
(1999); Turkish Cypriot area: -0.3% (1999) |
| Electricity
- production: |
2.951 billion kWh (1999);
Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
2.744 billion kWh (1999);
Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
potatoes, citrus, vegetables,
barley, grapes, olives, vegetables |
| Exports: |
Greek Cypriot area: $1
billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: $51.1 million
(f.o.b., 1999) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
Greek Cypriot area: citrus,
potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes; Turkish Cypriot
area: citrus, potatoes, textiles |
| Exports
- partners: |
Greek Cypriot area: UK 17.3%,
Greece 9.7%, Russia 7.0%, Lebanon 5.2% (1999); Turkish Cypriot area:
Turkey 51%, UK 31%, other EU 16.5% (1999) |
| Imports: |
Greek Cypriot area: $3.6
billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: $402 million (f.o.b.,
1999) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
Greek Cypriot area: consumer
goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery;
Turkish Cypriot area: food, minerals, chemicals, machinery |
| Imports
- partners: |
Greek Cypriot area: UK 11.2%,
US 10.6%, Italy 8.8%, Greece 8.2%, Germany 6.7% (1999); Turkish Cypriot
area: Turkey 58.6%, UK 12.5%, other EU 13% (1999) |
| Debt
- external: |
Greek Cypriot area: $NA;
Turkish Cypriot area: $NA |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
Greek Cypriot area - $17
million (1998); Turkish Cypriot area - $700 million from Turkey in
grants and loans (1990-97) that are usually forgiven |
| Currency: |
Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot
pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish lira (TRL) |
| Exchange
rates: |
Cypriot pounds per US dollar
- 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208 (2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998),
0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996); Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621
(December 2000), 625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865
(1997), 81,405 (1996) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
Greek Cypriot area: 405,000
(1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 83,162 (1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
Greek Cypriot area: 68,000
(1998); Turkish Cypriot area: 70,000 (1999) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment:
excellent in both the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot areas
domestic: open wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio
relay
international: tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial and 5
fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1
Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1
Arabsat |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
Greek Cypriot area: AM 7, FM
60, shortwave 1 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area: AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1
(1998) |
| Radios: |
Greek Cypriot area: 310,000
(1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 56,450 (1994) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
Greek Cypriot area: 4 (plus
225 low-power repeaters) (September 1995); Turkish Cypriot area: 4 (plus
5 repeaters) (September 1995) |
| Televisions: |
Greek Cypriot area: 248,000
(1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 52,300 (1994) |
| Internet
country code: |
.cy |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
6 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
80,000 (2000) |
| Highways: |
total: Greek
Cypriot area: 10,663 km (1998 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 2,350 km
(1996 est.)
paved: Greek Cypriot area: 6,249 km (1998 est.); Turkish
Cypriot area: 1,370 km (1996 est.)
unpaved: Greek Cypriot area: 4,414 km (1998 est.); Turkish
Cypriot area: 980 km (1996 est.) |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca,
Limassol, Paphos, Vasilikos |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 1,328
ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,905,542 GRT/36,312,219 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 431, cargo 438,
chemical tanker 23, combination bulk 36, combination ore/oil 4,
container 140, liquefied gas 6, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 1,
petroleum tanker 143, refrigerated cargo 40, roll on/roll off 42,
short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 3
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as
a flag of convenience: Austria 8, Belgium 7, China 10, Cuba 10, Denmark
2, Germany 79, Greece 385, Hong Kong 9, Croatia 2, India 5, Iran 1,
Israel 4, Italy 2, Japan 19, South Korea 3, Latvia 10, Lithuania 1,
Monaco 1, Netherlands 13, Norway 11, Poland 9, Portugal 3, Russia 42,
Singapore 1, Spain 5, Sudan 2, Sweden 3, Switzerland 2, UAE 6, UK 8,
Ukraine 2, US 9, Venezuela 2 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Greek Cypriot area: Greek
Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes air and naval elements), Hellenic
Forces Contingent on Cyprus (ELDYK), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish
Cypriot area: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (TCSF), Turkish mainland
army units |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
198,275 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49:
136,147 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 6,616
(2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$370 million (FY00) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
4.2% (FY00) |
| Disputes
- international: |
1974 hostilities divided the
island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area
controlled by the internationally recognized Cypriot Government (59% of
the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (37% of the island),
that are separated by a UN buffer zone (4% of the island); there are two
UK sovereign base areas mostly within the Greek Cypriot portion of the
island |
| Illicit
drugs: |
minor transit point for
heroin and hashish via air routes and container traffic to Europe,
especially from Lebanon and Turkey; some cocaine transits as well |
|
