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Guide
Introduction
| |
| Background: |
For centuries China has stood
as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts
and sciences. But in the first half of the 20th century, China was beset
by major famines, civil unrest, military defeats, and foreign
occupation. After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong
established a dictatorship that, while ensuring China's sovereignty,
imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of
millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually
introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision
making. Output quadrupled in the next 20 years and China now has the
world's second largest GDP. Political controls remain tight even while
economic controls continue to weaken. |
| Location: |
Eastern Asia, bordering the
East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between
North Korea and Vietnam |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
35 00 N, 105 00 E |
| Area: |
total: 9,596,960
sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller than the US |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 22,147.24
km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma
2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North
Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia
4,676.9 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605
km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
contiguous zone:
24 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental
margin
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
extremely diverse; tropical
in south to subarctic in north |
| Terrain: |
mostly mountains, high
plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.) |
| Natural
resources: |
coal, iron ore, petroleum,
natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum,
vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential
(world's largest) |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 43%
forests and woodland: 14%
other: 33% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
498,720 sq km (1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
frequent typhoons (about five
per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis;
earthquakes; droughts |
| Environment
- current issues: |
air pollution (greenhouse
gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal, produces acid
rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from
untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of
agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Marine Life Conservation |
| Geography
- note: |
world's fourth-largest
country (after Russia, Canada, and US) |
| Population: |
1,273,111,290 (July 2001
est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
25.01% (male 166,754,893; female 151,598,117)
15-64 years: 67.88% (male 445,222,858; female 418,959,646)
65 years and over: 7.11% (male 42,547,296; female
48,028,480) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
0.88% (2001 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
15.95 births/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
6.74 deaths/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
-0.39 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.09
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
28.08 deaths/1,000 live
births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population:
71.62 years
male: 69.81 years
female: 73.59 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.82 children born/woman
(2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.07% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
500,000 (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
17,000 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Chinese
(singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang,
Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other
nationalities 8.1% |
| Religions: |
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist,
Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% (est.)
note: officially atheist |
| Languages: |
Standard Chinese or Mandarin
(Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese),
Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects,
minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) |
| Literacy: |
definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 81.5%
male: 89.9%
female: 72.7% (1995 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional long form:
People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC |
| Government
type: |
Communist state |
| Administrative
divisions: |
23 provinces (sheng, singular
and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4
municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Chongqing**,
Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*,
Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China
considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special
administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau |
| Independence: |
221 BC (unification under the
Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the
Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic established 1 October
1949) |
| National
holiday: |
Founding of the People's
Republic of China, 1 October (1949) |
| Constitution: |
most recent promulgation 4
December 1982 |
| Legal
system: |
a complex amalgam of custom
and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect
since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980;
continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative,
criminal, and commercial law |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state:
President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993) and Vice President HU Jintao
(since 16 March 1998)
head of government: Premier ZHU Rongji (since 18 March
1998); Vice Premiers QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993), LI Lanqing (29
March 1993), WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995), and WEN Jiabao (since 18
March 1998)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's
Congress (NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the
National People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held
16-18 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: JIANG Zemin reelected president by the
Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,882 votes (36
delegates voted against him, 29 abstained, and 32 did not vote); HU
Jintao elected vice president by the Ninth National People's Congress
with a total of 2,841 votes (67 delegates voted against him, 39
abstained, and 32 did not vote) |
| Legislative
branch: |
unicameral National People's
Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,979 seats; members elected
by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held NA December 1997-NA February 1998
(next to be held late 2002-NA March 2003)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme People's Court
(judges appointed by the National People's Congress); Local Peoples
Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and local courts); Special Peoples
Courts (primarily military, maritime, and railway transport courts) |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Chinese Communist Party or
CCP [JIANG Zemin, General Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight
registered small parties controlled by CCP |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
no substantial political
opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the
Falungong sect and the China Democracy Party as potential rivals |
| International
organization participation: |
AfDB, APEC, ARF (dialogue
partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional),
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAIA (observer), MINURSO, NAM (observer), OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security
Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNTAET, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate YANG Jiechi
chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Joseph W. PRUEHER
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3431
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6422
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai,
Shenyang |
| Flag
description: |
red with a large yellow
five-pointed star and four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged
in a vertical arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side
corner |
| Economy
- overview: |
In late 1978 the Chinese
leadership began moving the economy from a sluggish Soviet-style
centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. Whereas the
system operates within a political framework of strict Communist
control, the economic influence of non-state managers and enterprises
has been steadily increasing. The authorities have switched to a system
of household responsibility in agriculture in place of the old
collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant
managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprise
in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased
foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP
since 1978. In 2000, with its 1.26 billion people but a GDP of just
$3,600 per capita, China stood as the second largest economy in the
world after the US (measured on a purchasing power parity basis).
Agricultural output doubled in the 1980s, and industry also posted major
gains, especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan,
where foreign investment helped spur output of both domestic and export
goods. On the darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its
hybrid system the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy and lassitude)
and of capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing
thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at
intervals. The government has struggled to (a) collect revenues due from
provinces, businesses, and individuals; (b) reduce corruption and other
economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises
many of which had been shielded from competition by subsides and had
been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 80 to 120
million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the
cities, many subsisting through part-time low-paying jobs. Popular
resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural
cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is
essential to maintaining growth in living standards. Another long-term
threat to continued rapid economic growth is the deterioration in the
environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of
the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable
land because of erosion and economic development. Weakness in the global
economy in 2001 could hamper growth in exports. Beijing will intensify
efforts to stimulate growth through spending on infrastructure--such as
water control and power grids--and poverty relief and through rural tax
reform aimed at eliminating arbitrary local levies on farmers. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$4.5 trillion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
8% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$3,600 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 15%
industry: 50%
services: 35% (2000 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
10% (1999 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.4% (1998) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
0.4% (2000 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
700 million (1998 est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 50%, industry
24%, services 26% (1998) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
urban unemployment roughly
10%; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (2000
est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA |
| Industries: |
iron and steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles and apparel, petroleum, cement, chemical
fertilizers, footwear, toys, food processing, automobiles, consumer
electronics, telecommunications |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
10% (2000 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
1.173 trillion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
79.82%
hydro: 18.98%
nuclear: 1.2%
other: 0.01% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
1.084 trillion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
7.2 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
90 million kWh (1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
rice, wheat, potatoes,
sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish |
| Exports: |
$232 billion (f.o.b., 2000) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
machinery and equipment;
textiles and clothing, footwear, toys and sporting goods; mineral fuels |
| Exports
- partners: |
US 21%, Hong Kong 18%, Japan
17%, South Korea, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Singapore, Taiwan (2000) |
| Imports: |
$197 billion (f.o.b., 2000) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and equipment,
mineral fuels, plastics, iron and steel, chemicals |
| Imports
- partners: |
Japan 18%, Taiwan 11%, US
10%, South Korea 10%, Germany, Hong Kong, Russia, Malaysia (2000) |
| Debt
- external: |
$162 billion (2000 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$NA |
| Exchange
rates: |
yuan per US dollar - 8.2776
(January 2001), 8.2785 (2000), 8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898
(1997), 8.3142 (1996)
note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China
quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous
day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
135 million (2000) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
65 million (January 2001) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment:
domestic and international services are increasingly available for
private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal
cities, industrial centers, and many towns
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and
cellular telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite
system with 55 earth stations is in place
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4
Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); several international
fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany
(2000) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45
(1998) |
| Radios: |
417 million (1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
3,240 (of which 209 are
operated by China Central Television, 31 are provincial TV stations and
nearly 3,000 are local city stations) (1997) |
| Televisions: |
400 million (1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.cn |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
3 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
22 million (January 2001) |
| Railways: |
total: 67,524 km
(including 5,400 km of provincial "local" rails)
standard gauge: 63,924 km 1.435-m gauge (13,362 km
electrified; 20,250 km double track)
narrow gauge: 3,600 km 0.750-m and 1.000-m gauge local
industrial lines (1998 est.)
note: a new total of 68,000 km was estimated for early 1999
to take new construction programs into account (1999) |
| Highways: |
total: 1.4
million km
paved: 271,300 km (with at least 16,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,128,700 km (1999) |
| Waterways: |
110,000 km (1999) |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum
products 560 km; natural gas 9,383 km (1998) |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou,
Haikou, Huangpu, Lianyungang, Nanjing, Nantong, Ningbo, Qingdao,
Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Tianjin, Xiamen, Xingang, Yantai,
Zhanjiang |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 1,745
ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,533,521 GRT/24,746,859 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 324, cargo 825,
chemical tanker 21, combination bulk 11, combination ore/oil 1,
container 132, liquefied gas 24, multi-functional large-load carrier 5,
passenger 7, passenger/cargo 45, petroleum tanker 258, refrigerated
cargo 22, roll on/roll off 23, short-sea passenger 41, specialized
tanker 3, vehicle carrier 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports: |
489 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 324
over 3,047 m: 27
2,438 to 3,047 m: 88
1,524 to 2,437 m: 147
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 32 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 165
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 29
914 to 1,523 m: 56
under 914 m: 78 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
People's Liberation Army (PLA)
- which includes Ground Forces, Navy (includes Marines and Naval
Aviation), Air Force, Second Artillery Corps (the strategic missile
force), People's Armed Police (internal security troops, nominally
subordinate to Ministry of Public Security, but included by the Chinese
as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an adjunct
to the PLA in wartime) |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
366,306,353 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49:
200,886,946 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
10,089,458 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$12.608 billion (FY99); note
- China's real defense spending may be several times higher than the
official figure because a number of significant items are funded
elsewhere |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.2% (FY99) |
| Disputes
- international: |
most of boundary with India
in dispute; dispute over at least two small sections of the boundary
with Russia remains to be settled, despite 1997 boundary agreement;
portions of the boundary with Tajikistan are indefinite; 33-km section
of boundary with North Korea in the Paektu-san (mountain) area is
indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime
boundary agreement with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin awaits
ratification; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam
and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu
Tai), as does Taiwan |
| Illicit
drugs: |
major transshipment point for
heroin produced in the Golden Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse
problem; source country for chemical precursors and methamphetamine |
|
