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Guide
Introduction
| |
| Background: |
Following a five-year
struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and
ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced
people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese
invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13
years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some
semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge
in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national
elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender
of remaining Khmer Rouge forces. |
| Location: |
Southeastern Asia, bordering
the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
13 00 N, 105 00 E |
| Map
references: |
Southeast Asia |
| Area: |
total: 181,040
sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller than
Oklahoma |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 2,572 km
border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam
1,228 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
contiguous zone:
24 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
tropical; rainy, monsoon
season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little
seasonal temperature variation |
| Terrain: |
mostly low, flat plains;
mountains in southwest and north |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m |
| Natural
resources: |
timber, gemstones, some iron
ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 13%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 11%
forests and woodland: 66%
other: 10% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
920 sq km (1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
monsoonal rains (June to
November); flooding; occasional droughts |
| Environment
- current issues: |
illegal logging activities
throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region
along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and
declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps
threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority
of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste
delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in
December 1998 |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping |
| Geography
- note: |
a land of paddies and forests
dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap |
| Population: |
12,491,501
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into
account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in
lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001
est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
41.25% (male 2,626,821; female 2,526,510)
15-64 years: 55.28% (male 3,253,611; female 3,651,129)
65 years and over: 3.47% (male 177,577; female 255,853)
(2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
2.25% (2001 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
33.16 births/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
10.65 deaths/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
65.41 deaths/1,000 live
births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population:
56.82 years
male: 54.62 years
female: 59.12 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
4.74 children born/woman
(2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
4.04% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
220,000 (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
14,000 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%,
Chinese 1%, other 4% |
| Religions: |
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other
5% |
| Languages: |
Khmer (official) 95%, French,
English |
| Literacy: |
definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 35%
male: 48%
female: 22% (1990 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea
local short form: Kampuchea
former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic |
| Government
type: |
multiparty liberal democracy
under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993 |
| Administrative
divisions: |
20 provinces (khett, singular
and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay
Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe,
Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri,
Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville),
Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay
Rieng, Takev |
| Independence: |
9 November 1953 (from France) |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day, 9 November
(1953) |
| Constitution: |
promulgated 21 September 1993 |
| Legal
system: |
primarily a civil law mixture
of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional
Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the
legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist
legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state:
King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30
November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne
Council; prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of
confidence by the National Assembly |
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral consists of the
National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the
monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by
"functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms
elections: National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next
to be held NA 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by
party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP
64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC
21, SRP 7 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Council of the
Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December
1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP
[IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or
CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National
United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative
Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or
SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
| International
organization participation: |
ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Roland ENG
chancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kent M. WIEDEMANN
embassy: 16-18 Mongkol lem St. 228, Phnom Penh
mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
telephone: [855] (23) 216-436
FAX: [855] (23) 216-437 |
| Flag
description: |
three horizontal bands of
blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered
temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the
red band |
| Economy
- overview: |
Cambodia's economy slowed
dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil
violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell
off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was
made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4%. GDP growth for 2000
had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years
severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial
production, and growth for the year is estimated at only 4%. Tourism is
Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000. The
long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a
daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive
skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers
from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed
political instability and corruption within the government discourage
foreign investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the
government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and
multilateral donors. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$16.1 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
4% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$1,300 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 43%
industry: 20%
services: 37% (1998 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
36% (1997 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
1.6% (2000 est.) |
| Labor
force: |
6 million (1998 est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture 80% (1999 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
2.8% (1999 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $363
million
expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures
of $225 million (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
garments, tourism, rice
milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining,
textiles |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
NA% |
| Electricity
- production: |
147 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
59.18%
hydro: 40.82%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
136.7 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
rice, rubber, corn,
vegetables |
| Exports: |
$942 million (f.o.b., 2000
est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
timber, garments, rubber,
rice, fish |
| Exports
- partners: |
Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US
10%, Singapore 8%, China 5% (1997) |
| Imports: |
$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000
est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
cigarettes, gold,
construction materials, petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles |
| Imports
- partners: |
Thailand 16%, Vietnam 9%,
Japan 7%, Hong Kong 5%, China 5% (1997) |
| Debt
- external: |
$829 million (1999 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$548 million pledged in
grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors |
| Exchange
rates: |
riels per US dollar - 3,909.0
(January 2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3
(1997), 2,624.1 (1996) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
21,800 (mid-1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
80,000 (2000) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment:
adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other
provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service
domestic: NA
international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular
service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial
cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3
(1999) |
| Radios: |
1.34 million (1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
5 (1999) |
| Televisions: |
94,000 (1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.kh |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
2 (2000) |
| Railways: |
total: 603 km
narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge |
| Highways: |
total: 35,769 km
paved: 4,165 km
unpaved: 31,604 km (1997) |
| Waterways: |
3,700 km
note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less;
282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville),
Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 295 ships
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,932 GRT/1,853,487 DWT
ships by type: bulk 22, cargo 237, chemical tanker 1,
combination bulk 3, container 8, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2,
multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum
tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger
1
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as
a flag of convenience: Cyprus 3, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1,
Russia 1, Singapore 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces
(RCAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force - created in 1993 by the
merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunist
resistance armies
note: Khmer Rouge and royalist insurgent forces were
integrated into the RCAF in 1999 |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
2,877,137 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49:
1,610,761 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 162,643
(2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$112 million (FY01 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
3% (FY01 est.) |
| Disputes
- international: |
portions of boundary with
Vietnam are disputed; parts of border with Thailand are indefinite |
| Illicit
drugs: |
possible money laundering;
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the
government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin,
and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the
international market |
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