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Guide
Introduction
| |
| Background: |
Between 1993 and 2000,
wide-spread, often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi
factions in Burundi created hundreds of thousands of refugees and left
tens of thousands dead. Although some refugees have returned from
neighboring countries, continued ethnic strife has forced many others to
flee. Burundian troops, seeking to secure their borders, have intervened
in the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
| Location: |
Central Africa, east of
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
3 30 S, 30 00 E |
| Area: |
total: 27,830 sq
km
land: 25,650 sq km
water: 2,180 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly smaller than
Maryland |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 974 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km,
Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km |
| Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime
claims: |
none (landlocked) |
| Climate: |
equatorial; high plateau with
considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level);
average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees
centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about
1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from
February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to
August and December to January |
| Terrain: |
hilly and mountainous,
dropping to a plateau in east, some plains |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point:
Lake Tanganyika 772 m
highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m |
| Natural
resources: |
nickel, uranium, rare earth
oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium,
arable land, hydropower |
| Land
use: |
arable land: 44%
permanent crops: 9%
permanent pastures: 36%
forests and woodland: 3%
other: 8% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
140 sq km (1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
flooding, landslides, drought |
| Environment
- current issues: |
soil erosion as a result of
overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands;
deforestation (little forested land remains because of uncontrolled
cutting of trees for fuel); habitat loss threatens wildlife populations |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban |
| Geography
- note: |
landlocked; straddles crest
of the Nile-Congo watershed |
| Population: |
6,223,897
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into
account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in
lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001
est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
46.82% (male 1,472,618; female 1,441,548)
15-64 years: 50.37% (male 1,541,131; female 1,593,743)
65 years and over: 2.81% (male 71,984; female 102,873)
(2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
2.38% (2001 est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
40.13 births/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
16.36 deaths/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth: 1.03
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
70.74 deaths/1,000 live
births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population:
46.06 years
male: 45.15 years
female: 46.99 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
6.16 children born/woman
(2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
11.32% (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
360,000 (1999 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
39,000 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Burundian(s)
adjective: Burundi |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic)
14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000 |
| Religions: |
Christian 67% (Roman Catholic
62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10% |
| Languages: |
Kirundi (official), French
(official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) |
| Literacy: |
definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 35.3%
male: 49.3%
female: 22.5% (1995 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional long form:
Republic of Burundi
conventional short form: Burundi
local long form: Republika y'u Burundi
local short form: Burundi
former: Urundi |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Administrative
divisions: |
16 provinces; Bubanza,
Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo,
Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi |
| Independence: |
1 July 1962 (from UN
trusteeship under Belgian administration) |
| National
holiday: |
Independence Day, 1 July
(1962) |
| Constitution: |
13 March 1992; provided for
establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by
a Transitional Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and
created two vice presidents |
| Legal
system: |
based on German and Belgian
civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction |
| Suffrage: |
NA years of age; universal
adult |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state:
President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27 September 1996,
officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First Vice President Frederic
BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second Vice President Mathias
SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the president is both chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim
president since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998),
First Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998),
Second Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power following a
coup on 25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was
overthrown |
| Legislative
branch: |
unicameral National Assembly
or Assemblee Nationale (121 seats; note - new Transitional Constitution
expanded the number of seats from 81 to 121 in 1998; members are elected
by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be
held in 1998, but suspended by presidential decree in 1996)
election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU
71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA
16, various other parties 40 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Supreme Court or Cour
Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in
separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province
level and 123 small local tribunals) |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Two national, mainstream
governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc
RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI,
president]
note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998,
included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA
[Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social
Development or RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or
PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP
[Mathias HITIMANA] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
Loosely organized Tutsi
militias, often affiliated with Tutsi extremist parties |
| International
organization participation: |
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC,
CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Thomas NDIKUMANA
chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578 |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission:
Ambassador Mary Carlin YATES
embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
telephone: [257] 223454
FAX: [257] 222926 |
| Flag
description: |
divided by a white diagonal
cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and
outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the center bearing three
red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a triangular design
(one star above, two stars below) |
| Economy
- overview: |
Burundi is a landlocked,
resource-poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The
economy is predominantly agricultural with roughly 90% of the population
dependent on subsistence agriculture. Its economic health depends on the
coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The
ability to pay for imports therefore rests largely on the vagaries of
the climate and the international coffee market. Since October 1993 the
nation has suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has
resulted in the death of perhaps 250,000 persons and the displacement of
about 800,000 others. Only one in four children go to school, and one in
nine adults has HIV/AIDS. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in
short supply. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity -
$4.4 billion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
1.8% (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing power parity -
$720 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture: 50%
industry: 18%
services: 32% (1999 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
36.2% (1990 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 26.6% (1992) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
22% (2000 est.) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
NA |
| Budget: |
revenues: $125
million
expenditures: $176 million, including capital expenditures
of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
light consumer goods such as
blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imported components; public works
construction; food processing |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
6.3% (1999 est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
141 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
0.71%
hydro: 99.29%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
160.1 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
0 kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
29 million kWh
note: supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
coffee, cotton, tea, corn,
sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides |
| Exports: |
$32 million (f.o.b., 2000) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton,
hides |
| Exports
- partners: |
Germany 17%, Belgium 14%, US
8%, France 6%, Switzerland 4% (1999) |
| Imports: |
$110 million (f.o.b., 2000) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
capital goods, petroleum
products, foodstuffs |
| Imports
- partners: |
Belgium 20%, Zambia 11%,
Kenya 8%, South Africa 5%, France 4% (1999) |
| Debt
- external: |
$1.12 billion (1999 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$1.344 billion (1999 est.) |
| Currency: |
Burundi franc (BIF) |
| Exchange
rates: |
Burundi francs per US dollar
- 782.36 (January 2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998),
352.35 (1997), 302.75 (1996) |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
16,000 (1997) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
619 (1997) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment:
primitive system
domestic: sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone
communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0
(1998) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
1 (1999) |
| Televisions: |
25,000 (1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.bi |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
1 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
2,000 (2000) |
| Highways: |
total: 14,480 km
paved: 1,028 km
unpaved: 13,452 km (1996) |
| Waterways: |
Lake Tanganyika |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Bujumbura |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Army (includes naval and air
units), paramilitary Gendarmerie |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
16 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49:
1,394,273 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49:
728,326 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 79,360
(2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$57 million (FY97) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
6.1% (FY97) |
| Disputes
- international: |
none |
|
